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AMD64 (also variously referred to by AMD in their literature and documentation as “AMD 64-bit Technology” and “AMD x86-64 Architecture”) was created as an alternative to the radically different IA-64 architecture designed by Intel and Hewlett-Packard, which was backward-incompatible with IA-32, the 32-bit version of the x86 architecture.
The Intel 386, originally released as the 80386 and later renamed i386, is the third-generation x86 architecture microprocessor from Intel. It was the first 32-bit processor in the line, making it a significant evolution in the x86 architecture.
The updated instruction set is grouped according to architecture (i186, i286, i386, i486, i586/i686) and is referred to as (32-bit) x86 and (64-bit) x86-64 (also known as AMD64). Original 8086/8088 instructions
The success of the AMD64 line of processors coupled with lukewarm reception of the IA-64 architecture forced Intel to release its own implementation of the AMD64 instruction set. Intel had previously implemented support for AMD64 [ 39 ] but opted not to enable it in hopes that AMD would not bring AMD64 to market before Itanium's new IA-64 ...
The calling convention of the System V AMD64 ABI is followed on Solaris, Linux, FreeBSD, macOS, [26] and is the de facto standard among Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The OpenVMS Calling Standard on x86-64 is based on the System V ABI with some extensions needed for backwards compatibility. [ 27 ]
It was also available on AMD processors including the AMD Athlon [6] [7] (although the chipsets are limited to 32-bit addressing [8]) and later AMD processor models. When AMD defined their 64-bit extension of the industry standard x86 architecture, AMD64 or x86-64, they also enhanced the paging system in "long mode" based on PAE. [9]
i386 first 32-bit x86 processor. Introduced paging on top of segmentation which is the most commonly used memory protection technology in modern operating systems ever since. Many additional powerful and valuable new instructions. i486
IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called i386 [1] [2]) [3] is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the 80386 microprocessor in 1985.