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The half-angle (between the taper surface and the axis of the pipe) is arctan(1 ⁄ 32) ≈ 1.7899° ≈ 1° 47′. The standard for Nominal Pipe Size (often abbreviated NPS, which should not be confused with the abbreviation NPS for the straight thread form standard) is loosely related to the inside diameter of Schedule 40 series of sizes.
At its annual convention at Dallas, TX, the NFPA formally adopted a standard with 2 + 1 ⁄ 2-inch hose with 7.5 threads per inch as the primary standard, with additional sizes of 3 and 3.5 inches (each with 6 threads per inch) and a 4.5 inch coupling with 4 threads per inch, with the fire hydrant standard specifying one 4.5 inch port and two 2 ...
Examples of adapters include one end BSP threaded with the other NPT threaded, and one end threaded with the other a plain socket for brazing. A coupling whose ends use the same connection method but are of different sizes is called a reducing coupling or reducer. An example is a 3/4" NPT to 1/2" NPT coupling.
Pipe plugs are used with supplementary accessories such as air and water hoses, air and pressure control devices, gauges, adapters and chains depending on the type of the pipe plug and the process. Auxiliary equipment like compressors for inflating the pipe plugs, water tanks for filling the pipeline and pumps for some cases must be used.
Piping or tubing is usually inserted into fittings to make connections. Connectors are assigned a gender, abbreviated M or F. An example of this is a "3 ⁄ 4-inch female adapter NPT", which would have a corresponding male connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case also NPT).
White: used on NPT threads up to 3 ⁄ 8 inch; Yellow: used on NPT threads 1 ⁄ 2 inch to 2 inch, often labeled "gas tape" Pink: used on NPT threads 1 ⁄ 2 inch to 2 inch, safe for potable water; Green: oil-free PTFE used on oxygen lines and some specific medical gasses