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Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. [1] Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. [2]
Earthworms, ants, termites, moles, gophers, as well as some millipedes and tenebrionid beetles, mix the soil as they burrow, significantly affecting soil formation. [85] Earthworms ingest soil particles and organic residues, enhancing the availability of plant nutrients in the material that passes through their bodies. [ 86 ]
While humus may linger for a thousand years, [61] on the larger scale of the age of the mineral soil components, it is temporary, being finally released as CO 2. It is composed of the very stable lignins (30%) and complex sugars (polyuronides, 30%), proteins (30%), waxes , and fats that are resistant to breakdown by microbes and can form ...
Soil bulk density, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of soil compaction. [3] Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining.
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed. M denotes the non-SI unit molar: 1 M = 1 mol/L = 10 −3 mol/m 3.
The pore space of soil contains the liquid and gas phases of soil, i.e., everything but the solid phase that contains mainly minerals of varying sizes as well as organic compounds. In order to understand porosity better a series of equations have been used to express the quantitative interactions between the three phases of soil.
In the dispersed [clarification needed] soil structure, the plant roots are unable to spread deeper into the soil due to lack of moisture. However, high RSC index water does not enhance the osmotic pressure to impede the off take of water by the plant roots unlike high salinity water.