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Children waiting to be evacuated from Spain, with their fists raised, a symbol used by the left.. The first displacements of refugees and exiles took place during the first months of the war—especially in the period from August to December 1936—marked by episodes of systematic violence against the civilian population, both because of ideologically motivated repression by the rebel forces ...
The European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) is an alliance of 127 NGOs across 40 European countries established in 1974. [1] ECRE’s mission is to protect and advance the rights of refugees , asylum seekers , and other forcibly displaced persons in Europe and in Europe’s external policies.
Until 1945, the exiled Republicans had high hopes that at the end of World War II in Europe, Franco's regime would be removed from power by the victorious Allies and that they would be able to return to Spain. When these hopes were disappointed, the government-in-exile faded away to a purely symbolic role. The government moved back to Paris in ...
The men of military age and some women and children were placed in hastily created concentration camps near the border with Spain. The refugees were forbidden to travel outside their camps. [13] The largest refugee camp was Argelers concentration camp located on a beach near the Mediterranean Sea about 20 km (12 miles) north of the Spanish ...
The living conditions in the camps were very harsh: in the first six months, 14,672 refugees died from malnutrition or dysentery. [38] The French government encouraged the refugees to return and, by the end of 1939, between 70,000 [40] and 180,000 refugees returned to Spain. However, 300,000 never returned. [41]
As a result of the Alhambra decree and the prior persecution, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism, and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled. An unknown number returned to Spain in the following years. [4] [5] The expulsion led to mass migration of Jews from Spain to France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Mediterranean Basin. [6]
Diseases were prevalent. The guards would bring around petroleum baths to combat the infestations of fleas and lice. Efforts to encourage the refugees to return to Spain were common. The concentration camps were very large and poorly run. People died of hypothermia, disease, or despair.
At around the same time, Spain recognized the loss of more than half of its holdings in the Low Countries to the Protestant Dutch Republic. The ruling class already thought of Spain as the defender of Catholic Christendom, and this defeat helped lead to a radicalization of thinking and a desire to strike a blow to regain Spain's honor. [17]