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In philosophy of science, strong inference is a model of scientific inquiry that emphasizes the need for alternative hypotheses, rather than a single hypothesis to avoid confirmation bias. The term "strong inference" was coined by John R. Platt , [ 1 ] a biophysicist at the University of Chicago .
However the weak law is known to hold in certain conditions where the strong law does not hold and then the convergence is only weak (in probability). See differences between the weak law and the strong law. The strong law applies to independent identically distributed random variables having an expected value (like the weak law).
The strong interaction, or strong nuclear force, is the most complicated interaction, mainly because of the way it varies with distance. The nuclear force is powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances of about 1 femtometre (fm, or 10 −15 metres), but it rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm. At ...
A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or irrelevant answers. [ 1 ] Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology ) and reality (see ontology ), often shaped ...
An important type of non-stationary process that does not include a trend-like behavior is a cyclostationary process, which is a stochastic process that varies cyclically with time. For many applications strict-sense stationarity is too restrictive.
The weak interaction has a coupling constant (an indicator of how frequently interactions occur) between 10 −7 and 10 −6, compared to the electromagnetic coupling constant of about 10 −2 and the strong interaction coupling constant of about 1; [13] consequently the weak interaction is "weak" in terms of intensity. [14]
These fields are the weak isospin fields W 1, W 2, and W 3, and the weak hypercharge field B. This invariance is known as electroweak symmetry . The generators of SU(2) and U(1) are given the name weak isospin (labeled T ) and weak hypercharge (labeled Y ) respectively.
The pattern of weak isospin, W, weaker isospin, W', strong g3 and g8, and baryon minus lepton, B, charges for particles in the SO(10) Grand Unified Theory, rotated to show the embedding in E 6. The next simple Lie group which contains the standard model is