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This theorem has since been extended to the time-dependent domain to develop time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), which can be used to describe excited states. The second HK theorem defines an energy functional for the system and proves that the ground-state electron density minimizes this energy functional.
The formal foundation of TDDFT is the Runge–Gross (RG) theorem (1984) [1] – the time-dependent analogue of the Hohenberg–Kohn (HK) theorem (1964). [2] The RG theorem shows that, for a given initial wavefunction, there is a unique mapping between the time-dependent external potential of a system and its time-dependent density.
The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, [1] "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. [2]
Central limit theorem; Characterization of probability distributions; Cochran's theorem; Complete class theorem; Continuous mapping theorem; Cox's theorem; Cramér's decomposition theorem; Craps principle
Japanese theorem for concyclic quadrilaterals (Euclidean geometry) John ellipsoid ; Jordan curve theorem ; Jordan–Hölder theorem (group theory) Jordan–Schönflies theorem (geometric topology) Jordan–Schur theorem (group theory) Jordan's theorem (multiply transitive groups) (group theory) Joubert's theorem ; JSJ theorem (3-manifolds)
Optimal stopping problems can be found in areas of statistics, economics, and mathematical finance (related to the pricing of American options). A key example of an optimal stopping problem is the secretary problem .
Using the standard formalism of probability theory, let and be two random variables defined on probability spaces (,,) and (,,).Then a coupling of and is a new probability space (,,) over which there are two random variables and such that has the same distribution as while has the same distribution as .
In particular, it provides a comparison theorem that can be used to prove uniqueness of a solution to the initial value problem; see the Picard–Lindelöf theorem. It is named for Thomas Hakon Grönwall (1877–1932). Grönwall is the Swedish spelling of his name, but he spelled his name as Gronwall in his scientific publications after ...