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In philosophy of science, strong inference is a model of scientific inquiry that emphasizes the need for alternative hypotheses, rather than a single hypothesis to avoid confirmation bias. The term "strong inference" was coined by John R. Platt , [ 1 ] a biophysicist at the University of Chicago .
In current particle physics, the differences between some parameters are much larger than this, so the question is even more noteworthy. One answer given by philosophers is the anthropic principle . If the universe came to exist by chance, and perhaps vast numbers of other universes exist or have existed, then life capable of physics ...
The strong interaction, or strong nuclear force, is the most complicated interaction, mainly because of the way it varies with distance. The nuclear force is powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances of about 1 femtometre (fm, or 10 −15 metres), but it rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm. At ...
A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or irrelevant answers. [ 1 ] Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology ) and reality (see ontology ), often shaped ...
They found that among research papers that tested a hypothesis, the frequency of positive results was predicted by the perceived hardness of the field. For example, the social sciences as a whole had a 2.3-fold increased odds of positive results compared to the physical sciences, with the biological sciences in between.
Weak artificial intelligence (weak AI) is artificial intelligence that implements a limited part of the mind, or, as Artificial Narrow Intelligence, [1] [2] [3] is focused on one narrow task. Weak AI is contrasted with strong AI , which can be interpreted in various ways:
The theory of the strong interaction (i.e. quantum chromodynamics, QCD), to which many contributed, acquired its modern form in 1973–74 when asymptotic freedom was proposed [23] [24] (a development that made QCD the main focus of theoretical research) [25] and experiments confirmed that the hadrons were composed of fractionally charged quarks.
These fields are the weak isospin fields W 1, W 2, and W 3, and the weak hypercharge field B. This invariance is known as electroweak symmetry . The generators of SU(2) and U(1) are given the name weak isospin (labeled T ) and weak hypercharge (labeled Y ) respectively.