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Caffeine Properties Chemical formula. C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2: Molar mass: 194.194 g·mol −1 Appearance Odorless, white needles or powder Density: 1.23 g/cm 3, solid [1 ...
Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. [20] [21] Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures with it even being encouraged.
pKa values for acetic, chloroacetic, dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acids. Inductive effects and mesomeric effects affect the pK a values. A simple example is provided by the effect of replacing the hydrogen atoms in acetic acid by the more electronegative chlorine atom.
While caffeine has a mild diuretic effect, a 2014 study found that moderate consumption does not impact hydration levels. Other more recent research suggests caffeine may help boost fat-burning ...
A new study found that drinking certain amounts of caffeinated coffee and tea was linked to a decreased risk for head and neck cancer compared to not drinking these beverages.
From the titration of protonatable group, one can read the so-called pK a 1 ⁄ 2 which is equal to the pH value where the group is half-protonated (i.e. when 50% such groups would be protonated). The p K a 1 ⁄ 2 is equal to the Henderson–Hasselbalch p K a (p K HH
Any dollars earned above the wage base limit aren't counted in calculating Social Security benefits. In 2025, the wage base limit is $176,100, up from $168,600 the prior year.
The general procedure is to write down the defining expressions for all the constants involved and then to equate concentrations. For example, suppose that one wishes to derive the pKa for removing one proton from a tribasic acid, LH 3, such as citric acid.