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As of April 2008, 23 other states had similar laws. Additional states (including Arizona, Texas, South Dakota and Oregon) have such laws just for motorists, [6] [7] [8] which penalize the failure to present a driver license during a traffic stop.
A Los Angeles Police Department motor officer writing a traffic ticket for a motorist. A traffic stop is usually considered to be a Terry stop and, as such, is a seizure by police; the standard set by the United States Supreme Court in Terry v.
Expanding requirements for third party intermediaries to mandatory retain citizens' data for increasingly lengthy periods of time further exposes journalistic communications with confidential sources Debates about digital media actors' entitlement to access source protection laws where they exist, while being more prominent in Western contexts ...
The right to privacy is a fundamental human right firmly grounded in international law. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); while the right to privacy does not appear in the document, Article 12 mentions privacy:
In K. v. Health Division (1977), [71] the Oregon Supreme Court rejected an application for a change of name or sex on the birth certificate of a transgender man who had undergone gender-affirming surgery, on the grounds that there was no legislative authority for such a change to be made. [citation needed]
Special police usually describes a law enforcement agency or unit within a such an agency whose duties and responsibilities are significantly different from other forces in the same nation, jurisdiction, or from other personnel within the same agency, although there is no consistent international definition.
The acronym was coined in the 1980s by University of Denver professors Penelope Canan and George W. Pring. [13] The term was originally defined as "a lawsuit involving communications made to influence a governmental action or outcome, which resulted in a civil complaint or counterclaim filed against nongovernment individuals or organizations on a substantive issue of some public interest or ...