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The calculation of glass properties allows "fine-tuning" of desired material characteristics, e.g., the refractive index. [1]The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save ...
Bottles in different colours Mixed colour glass cullet Public glass waste collection point for different colours of containers. Glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into usable products. [1] Glass that is crushed or imploded and ready to be remelted is called cullet. [2] There are two types of cullet: internal and external.
Resource recovery can be enabled by changes in government policy and regulation, circular economy infrastructure such as improved 'binfrastructure' to promote source separation and waste collection, reuse and recycling, [5] innovative circular business models, [6] and valuing materials and products in terms of their economic but also their social and environmental costs and benefits. [7]
Glass disease, also referred to as sick glass or glass illness, is a degradation process of glass that can result in weeping, crizzling, spalling, cracking and fragmentation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Glass disease is caused by an inherent instability in the chemical composition of the original glass formula. [ 3 ]
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased. [2]
These tendencies could in theory lead to longer-term economic benefits (which may cause GDP growth). [8] [11] There is some evidence that geological disasters do more economic harm than climate-related disasters, in the long term. Geological disasters, such as landslides and earthquakes, happen with little immediate warning and kill many people ...
Note that since utility is not observable, the substitution effect is not directly observable. Still, it can be calculated by referencing the other two observable terms in the Slutsky equation. This process is sometimes known as the Hicks decomposition of a demand change. [2] The equation can be rewritten in terms of elasticity: