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If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
URL encoding, officially known as percent-encoding, is a method to encode arbitrary data in a uniform resource identifier (URI) using only the US-ASCII characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as URL encoding , it is also used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource ...
Other octets must be percent-encoded. If the data is Base64-encoded, then the data part may contain only valid Base64 characters. [7] Note that Base64-encoded data: URIs use the standard Base64 character set (with '+' and '/' as characters 62 and 63) rather than the so-called "URL-safe Base64" character set.
The following normalizations are described in RFC 3986 [1] to result in equivalent URIs: . Converting percent-encoded triplets to uppercase. The hexadecimal digits within a percent-encoding triplet of the URI (e.g., %3a versus %3A) are case-insensitive and therefore should be normalized to use uppercase letters for the digits A-F. [2] Example:
SPACE is encoded as '+' or "%20". [11] HTML 5 specifies the following transformation for submitting HTML forms with the "GET" method to a web server. The following is a brief summary of the algorithm: Characters that cannot be converted to the correct charset are replaced with HTML numeric character references [12] SPACE is encoded as '+' or '%20'
Each key-value pair is separated by an '&' character, and each key is separated from its value by an '=' character. Keys and values are both escaped by replacing spaces with the '+' character and then using percent-encoding on all other non-alphanumeric [9] characters. For example, the key-value pairs Name: Gareth Wylie Age: 24 Formula: a+b == 21
Most modern software is able to display most or all of the characters for the user's language, and will draw a box or other clear indicator for characters they cannot render. For codes from 0 to 127, the original 7-bit ASCII standard set, most of these characters can be used without a character reference.
A URL containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are percent encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20 . Encoding can be achieved by: