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Filmmakers were facing the possibility that many states and cities would adopt their own codes of censorship, necessitating a multiplicity of versions of films made for national distribution. Self-censorship was deemed a preferable outcome. In 1927, Hays suggested to studio executives that they form a committee to discuss film censorship.
Catholic bishops and laypeople tended to be leery of federal censorship and favored the Hays approach of self-censorship, and the influence of public opinion. [18] The Catholic Legion of Decency was organized in 1934 [19] under the auspices of Cincinnati Archbishop John T. McNicholas. Members were asked to sign a pledge promising to "remain ...
In the United States, the Motion Picture Production Code, or Hays Code, enforced after 1934, banned the exposure of the female navel in Hollywood films. [3] The National Legion of Decency, a Roman Catholic body guarding over American media content, also pressured Hollywood to keep clothing that exposed certain parts of the female body, such as bikinis and low-cut dresses, from being featured ...
The National Legion of Decency was established in 1933 and reorganized in 1965 as the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures (NCOMP). Under each of these names, it rated films according to their suitability for viewing, assigning a code of A, B, or C, with that of C identified as "Condemned" for viewing by Catholics.
Finally, the code sought to protect American film interests abroad by encouraging film studios to avoid racist portrayals of foreigners. [5] [7] From the early days of the association, Hays spoke out against public censorship, [7] [8] and the MPPDA worked to raise support from the general public for the film industry's efforts against such ...
In general his efforts at pre-release self-censorship were unsuccessful in quieting calls for federal censorship. [citation needed] Catholic bishops and lay people tended to be wary of federal censorship and favored the Hays approach of self-censorship; these included the outspoken Catholic layman Martin J. Quigley, publisher of Exhibitors ...
In its first revision of church law in four decades, the Vatican revised its code to criminalize sexual abuse of adults by priests and laypersons of the church, outlaw the grooming of victims and ...
Pre-Code Hollywood was an era in the American film industry that occurred between the widespread adoption of sound in film in the late 1920s and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines (popularly known as the Hays Code) in 1934. Although the Hays Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor, and it did not ...