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On 20 February 2002, the European Commission initiated a proposal [1] for a directive to codify and "harmonise" the different EU national patent laws and cement the practice of the European Patent Office of granting patents for computer-implemented inventions provided they meet certain criteria (cf. software patents under the European Patent Convention).
The Measuring Instruments Directive 2014/32/EU, formerly 2004/22/EC, is a directive by the European Union, which seeks to harmonise many aspects of legal metrology across all member states of the EU. [1] Its most prominent tenet is that all kinds of meters which receive a MID approval may be used in all countries across the EU.
Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs is a European Union directive in the field of industrial design rights, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome. It sets harmonised standards for eligibility and protection of most types of registered ...
The research-based design process is a research process proposed by Teemu Leinonen, [1] [2] inspired by several design theories. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is strongly oriented towards the building of prototypes and it emphasizes creative solutions, exploration of various ideas and design concepts, continuous testing and redesign of the design solutions.
The PRISMA flow diagram, depicting the flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) is an evidence-based minimum set of items aimed at helping scientific authors to report a wide array of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, primarily used to assess the benefits and harms of a health care ...
As required by that Directive, the European Commission has conducted research on the question, which found that spare parts such as wings and bumpers were 6.4–10.3% more expensive in countries where these parts were protected by industrial design rights compared with countries where no such protection existed: it has proposed that the design ...
A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question(s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [1] A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or ...
"Design Experiments in Educational Research". Educational Researcher. 32(1) 9–13. Deforges, C. (2000). "Familiar challenges and new approaches: necessary advances in theory and methods in research on teaching and learning". Paper presented at the Desmond Nuttall/Carfax Memorial Lecture. Cardiff, UK. Design-Based Research Collective. (2003).