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The liver hairworm Capillaria hepatica is found primarily in rodents and lagomorphs; infections of dogs are rare. Infection occurs by eating the liver of a rodent. Clinically, symptoms such as abdominal discomfort and hepatomegalia occur as the larvae migrate through the liver and lay eggs. A definite diagnosis can only be made by liver biopsy ...
Urinary tract infection*, specifically cystitis or bladder infection, is common in dogs and usually caused by bacteria. Signs include blood in the urine ( hematuria ), difficulty urinating ( dysuria ), and frequent urination ( polyuria ). [ 158 ]
Streptococcus canis is a group G beta-hemolytic species of Streptococcus. [1] It was first isolated in dogs, giving the bacterium its name. These bacteria are characteristically different from Streptococcus dysgalactiae, which is a human-specific group G species that has a different phenotypic chemical composition.
Capillaria plica (dog bladder worm) is a parasitic nematode which is most often found in the urinary bladder, and occasionally in the kidneys, of dogs and foxes. [1] It has also been found in the domestic cat, and various wild mammals.
Lower levels of B. canis still remain in the semen of infected males for two years following infection, which can serve as a large source of transmission to other dogs. [9] Urine can also serve as a route of transmission in males, as the bladder resides in close proximity to the prostate and epididymus.
Bacterial infections contribute to their formation by increasing the pH of the urine through the urease enzyme in dogs. More than 90 percent of dogs with struvite stones have an associated urease-producing bacterial infection in the urinary tract, but in cats struvite stones usually form in sterile urine. [ 7 ]
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