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Earth's atmosphere photographed from the International Space Station.The orange and green line of airglow is at roughly the altitude of the Kármán line. [1]The Kármán line (or von Kármán line / v ɒ n ˈ k ɑːr m ɑː n /) [2] is a conventional definition of the edge of space; it is widely but not universally accepted.
[1] [2] Whether an object is visible depends significantly on the height above sea level from where it is observed. The Kármán line , at 100 kilometres (62 mi), is accepted by the World Air Sports Federation , an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics , as the boundary between the Earth's ...
The V-2 No. 13 [1] was a modified V-2 rocket that became the first object to take a photograph of the Earth from outer space. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Launched on 24 October 1946, [ 4 ] at the White Sands Missile Range in White Sands, New Mexico , the rocket reached a maximum altitude of 65 miles (105 km).
The density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude. The total mass of the atmosphere is M = ρ A H ≃ 1 kg/cm 2 within a column of one square centimeter above the ground (with ρ A = 1.29 kg/m 3 the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude, and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric scale height).
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time , or 23 h 56 m 4.0989 s. [2] [n 10] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean March equinox (when the Sun is at 90° on the ...
A wide variety of sources [5] [6] [7] define LEO in terms of altitude.The altitude of an object in an elliptic orbit can vary significantly along the orbit. Even for circular orbits, the altitude above ground can vary by as much as 30 km (19 mi) (especially for polar orbits) due to the oblateness of Earth's spheroid figure and local topography.
Transatmospheric orbit (TAO): geocentric orbits with an apogee above 100 km and perigee that intersects with the defined atmosphere. [4] Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is defined as altitudes between approximately 100 - 450 km above Earth’s surface. [5] [6] Low Earth orbit (LEO): geocentric orbits with altitudes below 2,000 km (1,200 mi). [7]
2.5° by 2.5° Westerhout 5: 2.3° by 1.25° Sh2-54: 2.3° Carina Nebula: 2° by 2° Note: brightest nebula in the night sky, 1.0 apparent magnitude (V) North America Nebula: 2° by 100 ′ Earth in the Moon's sky: 2° - 1°48 ′ [12] Appearing about three to four times larger than the Moon in Earth's sky The Sun in the sky of Mercury: 1.15 ...