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Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene .
The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. [1] In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature.
Most protein pharmaceuticals are now produced through recombinant DNA technology using expression vectors. These peptide and protein pharmaceuticals may be hormones, vaccines, antibiotics, antibodies, and enzymes. [43] The first human recombinant protein used for disease management, insulin, was introduced in 1982. [43]
The T7 expression system is used in the field of microbiology to clone recombinant DNA using strains of E. coli. [1] It is the most popular system for expressing recombinant proteins in E. coli. [2] By 2021, this system had been described in over 220,000 research publications. [3]
Blood, for instance, as of 2012 cannot store high levels of stable recombinant proteins, and biologically active proteins in blood may alter the health of the animals. [16] Expression in the milk of a mammal, such as a cow, sheep, or goat, is a common application, as milk production is plentiful and purification from milk is relatively easy.
Generally, prokaryotes are easier to work with and better understood and are often the preferable host system. It is widely used in recombinant DNA technology to form easily manipulated proteins by well-known genetic methods with a low costing medium. For membrane proteins though, researchers have observed that mammalian cells are more effective.