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Flat-wick lamps have the lowest light output, center-draft round-wick lamps have 3–4 times the output of flat-wick lamps, and pressurized lamps have higher output yet; the range is from 8 to 100 lumens. A kerosene lamp producing 37 lumens for 4 hours per day for a month (120 hours) consumes about 3 litres (6.3 US pt; 5.3 imp pt) of kerosene.
An Argand lamp in use in A Portrait of James Peale, done in 1822 by Charles Willson Peale Argand lamp with circular wick and glass chimney. Illustration from Les Merveilles de la science (1867–1869) by Louis Figuier. The Argand lamp is a type of oil lamp invented in 1780 by Aimé Argand.
The Crusie lamp consists of two lamp pans, one above the other. Fuel drip from the upper lamp pan fell into the lower pan minimizing oil/grease mess below the lamp. In the evolution to the Betty lamp, replacing the upper lamp pan with a metal wick holder inside the lower pan reduces the amount of metal needed for the lamp.
A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixtures are, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.
The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access. [2] Rapeseed oil was popular. Candles were also used, but their higher price made them less popular.
In lighting design, the lumen method, (also called zonal cavity method), is a simplified method to calculate the light level in a room.The method is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space.