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Computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It involves designing and implementing algorithms , step-by-step specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages .
These concepts are represented as a collection of the simplest elements available (called primitives). [126] Programming is the process by which programmers combine these primitives to compose new programs, or adapt existing ones to new uses or a changing environment.
Object-oriented programming became the dominant language paradigm by the late 1990s. [65] C++ (1985) was originally called "C with Classes". [70] It was designed to expand C's capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language Simula. [71] An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the ...
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding [1] [2]) of algorithms in a target programming language.
A constructor is a method that is called at the beginning of an object's lifetime to create and initialize the object, a process called construction (or instantiation). Initialization may include an acquisition of resources. Constructors may have parameters but usually do not return values in most languages. See the following example in Java:
The concept of object is used in many different software contexts, including: Possibly the most common use is in-memory objects in a computer program written in an object-based language. Information systems can be modeled with objects representing their components and interfaces. [1]: 39
A number of concepts [57] and paradigms are specific to functional programming, and generally foreign to imperative programming (including object-oriented programming). However, programming languages often cater to several programming paradigms, so programmers using "mostly imperative" languages may have utilized some of these concepts.