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Open problems on word-representable graphs can be found in, [3] [8] [9] [10] and they include: Characterise (non-)word-representable planar graphs. Characterise word-representable near-triangulations containing the complete graph K 4 (such a characterisation is known for K 4-free planar graphs [17]). Classify graphs with representation number 3.
The maximum common edge subgraph problem on general graphs is NP-complete as it is a generalization of subgraph isomorphism: a graph is isomorphic to a subgraph of another graph if and only if the maximum common edge subgraph of and has the same number of edges as .
In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. [1] In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, [2] and is often called a polygon side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an edge is a line segment where two faces (or polyhedron sides ...
A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex to itself is the edge (for an undirected simple graph) or is incident on (for an undirected multigraph) {,} = {} which is not in {{,},}. To allow loops, the definitions must be expanded.
A cycle graph or circular graph of order n ≥ 3 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v 1, v 2, …, v n such that the edges are the {v i, v i+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1, plus the edge {v n, v 1}. Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2.
The edge boundary is the set of edges with one endpoint in the inner boundary and one endpoint in the outer boundary. [ 1 ] These boundaries and their sizes are particularly relevant for isoperimetric problems in graphs , separator theorems , minimum cuts , expander graphs , and percolation theory .
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The word problems for groups and semigroups can be phrased as word problems for algebras. [1] The word problem on free Heyting algebras is difficult. [34] The only known results are that the free Heyting algebra on one generator is infinite, and that the free complete Heyting algebra on one generator exists (and has one more element than the ...