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The Yamnaya culture [a] or the Yamna culture, [b] also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC. [2]
Indigenous people, that migrated in the prehistoric era spoke languages of the Uralic and Turkic language families, such as the Komi, Udmurts, Khants, Mansi; Samoyeds – Nenets; Tyurks – Bashkirs and Volga Tatars. The name "Uralic" derives from the fact that areas where these languages are spoken spread on both sides of the Ural Mountains.
Around 3,000 BC, people of the Yamnaya culture or a closely related group, [2] who had high levels of WSH ancestry with some additional Neolithic farmer admixture, [5] [10] embarked on a massive expansion throughout Eurasia, which is considered to be associated with the dispersal of at least some of the Indo-European languages by most ...
Autosomal genetic studies suggest that the people of the Corded Ware culture share significant levels of ancestry with Yamnaya as a consequence of a "massive migration" from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the people of both cultures may be directly descended from a genetically similar pre-Yamnaya population. [10] [6]
Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. [c] This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry, and was formed from EHG and CHG (Caucasus hunter-gatherer) in about equal proportions. [87]
The samples extracted from the BMAC sites did not have derived any part of their ancestry from the Yamnaya people, who are associated with Proto-Indo-Europeans, although some peripheral samples did already carry significant Yamnaya-like Western Steppe Herders ancestry, inline with the southwards expansion of Western Steppe Herders from the ...
The proto-Indo-Europeans, i.e. the Yamnaya people and the related cultures, seem to have been a mix from Eastern European hunter-gatherers; and people related to the Near East, [92] i.e. Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) [93] i.e. Iran Chalcolithic people with a Caucasian hunter-gatherer component. [94]
Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia—from c. 3000 to 1500 BC. [9] Pontic-Caspian Steppe was the original homes to countless tribes, cultures, etc. etc. including Linear Pottery culture 5500–4500 BC, Cucuteni-Trypillian culture 5300–2600 BC, Khvalynsk culture 5000–3500 BC,