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Pericardial effusions can be found in all populations worldwide but the predominant etiology has changed over time, varying depending on the age, location, and comorbidities of the population in question. [2] Out of all the numerous causes of pericardial effusion, some of the leading causes are inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic and traumatic.
Pericardial tamponade: A very large pericardial effusion resulting in tamponade as a result of bleeding from cancer as seen on ultrasound. Closed arrow – the heart; open arrow – the effusion: Specialty: Cardiac surgery: Symptoms: Shortness of breath, weakness, lightheadedness, cough [1] Usual onset: Rapid or more gradual [2] Causes
Cancer most commonly metastasizes through the lymphatic system to the pericardium, the membrane around the heart. When the pericardium is involved, it often leads to pericarditis—inflammation of the pericardium—and pericardial effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity.
A pericardial effusion is the presence of excessive pericardial fluid, this can be confirmed using an echocardiogram. [7] Small effusions are not necessarily dangerous and are commonly caused by infection such as HIV or can occur after cardiac surgery.
Here it can cause right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen or liver is the most common tumor to cause hemorrhage in the abdomen. [4] Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventricular arrhythmias.
Purulent Pericarditis; Echocardiogram showing pericardial effusion with signs of cardiac tamponade: Specialty: Cardiology: Symptoms: substernal chest pain (exacerbated supine and with breathing deeply), dyspnea, fever, rigors/chills, and cardiorespiratory signs (i.e., tachycardia, friction rub, pulsus paradoxus, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pleural effusion)
In medical fields, especially cytopathology, serous fluid is a synonym for effusion fluids from various body cavities. Examples of effusion fluid are pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. There are many causes of effusions which include involvement of the cavity by cancer. Cancer in a serous cavity is called a serous carcinoma.
The mass size can obstruct blood flow or interfere with cardiac valve function and produce symptoms of heart failure. A tumor that invades the heart walls may cause arrhythmias, heart block, or pericardial effusion with or without tamponade. Tumors that invade adjacent lung tissue may cause pulmonary symptoms that mimic bronchogenic carcinoma. [6]
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