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The opposite of water security is water insecurity. [6]: 5 Water insecurity is a growing threat to societies. [7]: 4 The main factors contributing to water insecurity are water scarcity, water pollution and low water quality due to climate change impacts.
Water scarcity (closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two types of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity. [2]: 560 Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands.
[12] [13] [14] Climate change (including droughts or floods), deforestation, water pollution and wasteful use of water can also mean there is not enough water. [15] These variations in scarcity may also be a function of prevailing economic policy and planning approaches. Water scarcity assessments look at many types of information.
According to Jon Barnett, environmental security emerged as an important concept in security studies because of some interrelated developments which started in 1960s. The first one was the increasing level of environmental consciousness in so called developed countries. [6]
Mwamanogu Village water source, Tanzania. In Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug in the sand of dry riverbeds, and it is invariably contaminated. The main causes of water scarcity in Africa are physical and economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, and the effects of climate change on the water ...
Water conflict typically refers to violence or disputes associated with access to, or control of, water resources, or the use of water or water systems as weapons or casualties of conflicts. The term water war is colloquially used in media for some disputes over water, and often is more limited to describing a conflict between countries, states ...
The six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe and affordable drinking water; end open defecation and provide access to sanitation, and hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency and ensure fresh water supplies, implement IWRM, protect and restore water-related ecosystems. The two "means ...
The scarcity of water in India affects hundreds of millions of people across the country. A major portion of the population does not have a reliable and constant means of getting water for their daily needs. In June 2019, 65% of all reservoirs in India reported below-normal water levels, and 12% were completely dry. [6]