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Varian Medical Systems is an American radiation oncology treatments and software maker based in Palo Alto, California. Their medical devices include linear accelerators (LINACs) and software for treating cancer and other medical conditions with radiotherapy , radiosurgery , proton therapy , and brachytherapy .
Varian Associates was one of the first high-tech companies in Silicon Valley.It was founded in 1948 by Russell H. and Sigurd F. Varian, William Webster Hansen, and Edward Ginzton to sell the klystron, the first vacuum tube which could amplify electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies, and other electromagnetic equipment.
Varian, Inc. was one of the largest manufacturers of scientific instruments for the scientific industry. [1] They had offerings over a broad range of chemical analysis equipment, with a particular focus on Information Rich Detection [ clarification needed ] and Vacuum technology.
Macaulay's method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams.Use of Macaulay's technique is very convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading.
The work of physicist W. W. Hansen was instrumental in the development of the klystron and was cited by the Varian brothers in their 1939 paper. His resonator analysis, which dealt with the problem of accelerating electrons toward a target, could be used just as well to decelerate electrons (i.e., transfer their kinetic energy to RF energy in a ...
Using other definitions of beam width does not work. In principle, one could use a single measurement at the waist to obtain the waist diameter, a single measurement in the far field to obtain the divergence, and then use these to calculate the BPP. The procedure above gives a more accurate result in practice, however.
The TWT is an elongated vacuum tube with an electron gun (a heated cathode that emits electrons) at one end.A voltage applied across the cathode and anode accelerates the electrons towards the far end of the tube, and an external magnetic field around the tube focuses the electrons into a beam.
Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.