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Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
The question is whether or not, for all problems for which an algorithm can verify a given solution quickly (that is, in polynomial time), an algorithm can also find that solution quickly. Since the former describes the class of problems termed NP, while the latter describes P, the question is equivalent to asking whether all problems in NP are ...
Problems 1, 2, 5, 6, [g] 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether they resolve the problems. That leaves 8 (the Riemann hypothesis), 13 and 16 [h] unresolved, and 4 and 23 as too vague to ever be described as solved. The withdrawn 24 would also be in this class.
Gardner changes "fifth form boys" to the more American sounding (and gender neutral) "high school students," updates many now obsolescent mathematical notations or terms, and uses American decimal dollars and cents in currency examples. Calculus Made Easy ignores the use of limits with its epsilon-delta definition, replacing it with a method of ...
Math 55 is a two-semester freshman undergraduate mathematics course at Harvard University founded by Lynn Loomis and Shlomo Sternberg.The official titles of the course are Studies in Algebra and Group Theory (Math 55a) [1] and Studies in Real and Complex Analysis (Math 55b). [2]
Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach; Nonstandard calculus; Infinitesimal; Archimedes' use of infinitesimals; For further developments: see list of real analysis topics, list of complex analysis topics, list of multivariable calculus topics
Calculus studies the computation of limits, derivatives, and integrals of functions of real numbers, and in particular studies instantaneous rates of change. Analysis evolved from calculus. Glossary of tensor theory; List of complex analysis topics; List of functional analysis topics. List of vector spaces in mathematics
Can 3SUM be solved in strongly sub-quadratic time, that is, in time O(n 2−ϵ) for some ϵ>0? Can the edit distance between two strings of length n be computed in strongly sub-quadratic time? (This is only possible if the strong exponential time hypothesis is false.) Can X + Y sorting be done in o(n 2 log n) time?