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Pseudoruminant is a classification of animals based on their digestive tract differing from the ruminants. Hippopotami and camels are ungulate mammals with a three-chambered stomach (ruminants have a four-chambered stomach) while equids (horses, asses, zebras) and rhinoceroses are monogastric herbivores. [1] [2]
The name is derived from the fact that fluid can collect around the heart or in the lungs of infected animals. [3] It is caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium )—an intracellular Gram-negative coccal bacterium (also referred to as Rickettsia ruminantium ).
The reticulum is adjacent to the diaphragm, lungs, abomasum, rumen and liver. The heights of the reticular crests and depth of the structures vary across ruminant animal species. [3] Grazing ruminants have higher crests than browsers. However, general reticulum size is fairly constant across ruminants of differing body size and feeding type.
The cardiac impression is an indentation formed on the surfaces of the lungs where they rest against the heart. Both lungs have a central recession called the hilum, where the blood vessels and airways pass into the lungs making up the root of the lung. [4] There are also bronchopulmonary lymph nodes on the hilum. [3]
The systemic circulation then transports oxygen to the body and returns carbon dioxide and relatively deoxygenated blood to the heart for transfer to the lungs. [8] The right heart collects deoxygenated blood from two large veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood collects in the right and left atrium continuously. [8]
De-oxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then enters back into the heart. [2] De-oxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. [2] From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle.
The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the pulmonary circulation.
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.