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An open textbook is a textbook licensed under an open license, and made available online to be freely used by students, teachers and members of the public.Many open textbooks are distributed in either print, e-book, or audio formats that may be downloaded or purchased at little or no cost.
The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.
Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of ...
The identity element of this operation is the empty relation. For example, ≤ is the union of < and =, and ≥ is the union of > and =. Intersection [e] If R and S are relations over X then R ∩ S = { (x, y) | xRy and xSy} is the intersection relation of R and S. The identity element of this operation is the universal relation.
Principles of Biology is a college level biology electronic textbook published by Nature Publishing in 2011. The book is not a digitally reformatted version of a paper book. [ 1 ] The book, the first in a projected series, is Nature Publishing's first foray into textbook publishing.
Oxford Dictionary of Biology (often abbreviated to ODB) is a multiple editions dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,500 entries, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] it contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to biology , biophysics , and biochemistry . [ 3 ]
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life is an introductory textbook of biology, for students. [ further explanation needed ] The fifteenth edition was published in 2019, by Cengage Learning . It was compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart with pictures and illustrations by Lisa Starr.
In the particular case of groups, congruence relations can be described in elementary terms as follows: If G is a group (with identity element e and operation *) and ~ is a binary relation on G, then ~ is a congruence whenever: Given any element a of G, a ~ a (reflexivity); Given any elements a and b of G, if a ~ b, then b ~ a ;