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How COVID‑19 vaccines work. The video shows the process of vaccination, from injection with RNA or viral vector vaccines, to uptake and translation, and on to immune system stimulation and effect. Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths ...
[46] [47] It is authorized for use in humans to provide protection against COVID-19, caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. [2] [31] The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection. [35] It is composed of nucleoside-modified mRNA (modRNA) that encodes a mutated form of the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is encapsulated ...
As of April 2020 trials were investigating whether existing medications could be used effectively against the body's immune reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection. [44] [45] As of May 2020 several antiviral drugs were under investigation for COVID-19, though none had been shown to be clearly effective on mortality in published randomized controlled ...
The vaccine is designed to target both the spike protein of the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, and viral proteins that may be less prone to genetic variation, to provide greater protection against SARS‑CoV‑2 variants. [106] [107] saRNA vaccines must use uridine, which is required for reproduction to occur. [99]
[1] 3D print of one of the trimeric spikes of SARS-CoV-2. In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus. [2] [3]: 29–33 The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers. [3]: 29–33 [4]
SARS‑CoV‑2 is a strain of the species Betacoronavirus pandemicum (SARSr-CoV), as is SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. [ 2 ] [ 17 ] There are animal-borne coronavirus strains more closely related to SARS-CoV-2, the most closely known relative being the BANAL-52 bat coronavirus.
A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. [1] [2] Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant DNA expression, [3] in which case it is a recombinant subunit vaccine.
[99] [100] Possible explanations for lower efficacy rate included: trial was largely made up of frontline health care workers who were more exposed to the virus; [100] two vaccine doses were given at shorter intervals (2 weeks); [100] [102] counting very mild cases; [100] [103] and the Gamma variant (lineage P.1), more transmissible and perhaps ...