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Some cotton paper contains a watermark. It is used for banknotes in a number of countries. These banknotes are typically made from 100% cotton paper, but can also be made with a mixture of 75% or less flax. [3] Other materials may also be used and still be known as currency paper. Higher quality art papers are often made from cotton.
The rags were from ramie, hemp, linen and cotton. [4] A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. [4] Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers. [4]
A modern imitation is made of cotton. Known as paper vellum, this material is considerably cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and drafting supply stores. Some brands of writing paper and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" to suggest quality.
Today almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression. In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down.
Wood-free paper is made from non-wood materials, such as cotton, hemp, linen, and bamboo. [18] [27] [28] It is often used in applications where a high-quality, durable paper is needed, such as for printing, writing, and packaging. There are two main types of wood-free paper: Tissue pulp: This is the most common type of wood-free paper.
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Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The aging behaviour of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. [ 27 ] Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic ...