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Ethernet over twisted-pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers . Early Ethernet used various grades of coaxial cable , but in 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair .
Since 1995, solid-conductor unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables for backbone cabling is required to be no thicker than 22 American Wire Gauge (AWG) and no thinner than 24 AWG, or 26 AWG for shorter-distance cabling. This standard has been retained with the 2009 revision of ANSI TIA/EIA 568.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are found in many Ethernet networks and telephone systems. For indoor telephone applications, UTP is often grouped into sets of 25 pairs according to a standard 25-pair color code originally developed by AT&T .
These connectors are commonly used for Ethernet over twisted pair, registered jacks and other telephone applications, RS-232 serial communication using the ANSI/TIA-568 (formerly TIA/EIA-568) and Yost standards, and other applications involving unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted pair, and multi-conductor flat cable.
The standard specifies how to connect eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling, such as Category 5 cable, to 8P8C modular connectors (often referred to as RJ45 connectors). The standard defines two alternative pinouts: T568A and T568B. ANSI/TIA-568 recommends the T568A pinout for horizontal cables.
10 Mbit/s over copper twisted pair cabling, star topology – evolved into 10BASE-T LattisNet UTP Proprietary (1987) 8P8C 100 m voice-grade 10 Mbit/s over copper twisted pair cabling, star topology – evolved into 10BASE-T 10BASE-T: 802.3i-1990 (14) 8P8C (IEC 60603-7) 100 m Cat-3: Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs).