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Linear potential sweep In analytical chemistry , linear sweep voltammetry is a method of voltammetry where the current at a working electrode is measured while the potential between the working electrode and a reference electrode is swept linearly in time.
The term linear polarization (French: polarisation rectiligne) was coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822. [1] See polarization and plane of polarization for more information. The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. [ 2 ]
The upper graph shows the current density as function of the overpotential η . The anodic and cathodic current densities are shown as j a and j c, respectively for α=α a =α c =0.5 and j 0 =1mAcm −2 (close to values for platinum and palladium).
The first two diagrams below trace the electric field vector over a complete cycle for linear polarization at two different orientations; these are each considered a distinct state of polarization (SOP). The linear polarization at 45° can also be viewed as the addition of a horizontally linearly polarized wave (as in the leftmost figure) and a ...
The method of measuring subsurface resistivity involves placing four electrodes in the ground in a line at equal spacing, applying a measured AC current to the outer two electrodes, and measuring the AC voltage between the inner two electrodes. A measured resistance is calculated by dividing the measured voltage by the measured current.
In a homogeneous, linear, non-dispersive and isotropic dielectric medium, the polarization is aligned with and proportional to the electric field E: [7] =, where ε 0 is the electric constant , and χ is the electric susceptibility of the medium.
That is, the polarization is a convolution of the electric field at previous times with time-dependent susceptibility given by (). The upper limit of this integral can be extended to infinity as well if one defines χ e ( Δ t ) = 0 {\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}(\Delta t)=0} for Δ t < 0 {\displaystyle \Delta t<0} .
Linear dichroism (LD) or diattenuation is the difference between absorption of light polarized parallel and polarized perpendicular to an orientation axis. [1] It is the property of a material whose transmittance depends on the orientation of linearly polarized light incident upon it.