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A standard example is the Reuleaux triangle, the intersection of three circles, each centered where the other two circles cross. [2] Its boundary curve consists of three arcs of these circles, meeting at 120° angles, so it is not smooth , and in fact these angles are the sharpest possible for any curve of constant width.
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0), and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, and a closed form is in the kernel of d.
A circle bounds a region of the plane called a disc. The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles are common, such as the full moon or a slice of round fruit. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern
Other triples of curves are said to form the Borromean rings as long as they are topologically equivalent to the curves depicted in this drawing. The Borromean rings are named after the Italian House of Borromeo , who used the circular form of these rings as an element of their coat of arms , but designs based on the Borromean rings have been ...
where c ∈ ℝ n is the center of the circle (irrelevant since it disappears in the derivatives), a,b ∈ ℝ n are perpendicular vectors of length ρ (that is, a · a = b · b = ρ 2 and a · b = 0), and h : ℝ → ℝ is an arbitrary function which is twice differentiable at t. The relevant derivatives of g work out to be
The circle is the only circular conic. Conchoids of de Sluze (which include several well-known cubic curves) are circular cubics. Cassini ovals (including the lemniscate of Bernoulli), toric sections and limaçons (including the cardioid) are bicircular quartics. Watt's curve is a tricircular sextic.
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Therefore, in computer algebra, normal form is a weaker notion: A normal form is a representation such that zero is uniquely represented. This allows testing for equality by putting the difference of two objects in normal form. Canonical form can also mean a differential form that is defined in a natural (canonical) way.