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A rhetorical situation is an event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. A rhetorical situation arises from a given context or exigence. An article by Lloyd Bitzer introduced the model of the rhetorical situation in 1968, which was later challenged and modified by Richard E. Vatz (1973) and Scott Consigny (1974).
In 1968, Bitzer published his famous theory of situational rhetoric. [4] Bitzer's Rhetorical Situation is an extremely influential concept in the field of rhetoric, and is still taught in college classrooms today. Marilyn Young has characterized him as "one of the most respected rhetoricians of the latter half of the twentieth century."
According to Bitzer, rhetorical situations come into existence, at which point, they can either mature and be resolved, or mature and persist. Bitzer describes rhetorical situations as containing three components: exigence, audience, and constraints. He highlights six characteristics needed from a rhetorical situation that are necessary to ...
Rhetorical situation – a term made popular by Lloyd Bitzer; it describes the scenario that contains a speech act, including the considerations (purpose, audience, author/speaker, constraints to name a few) that play a role in how the act is produced and perceived by its audience; the counterargument regarding Bitzer's situation-rhetoric ...
Aristotle stated that the arguments accessible for any given subject are contingent upon the unique circumstances of the rhetorical situation, [4] while Lloyd Bitzer contended that the availability of arguments is shaped by the intricate relationships between the author, audience, context, and purpose of the discourse. [5]
Epideictic rhetoric praises and blames, acknowledging that which is noble or shameful, honorable or dishonorable. The rhetorical situation is a concept important for understanding rhetorical approaches to genre and the creation of new genres. [5] Campaign speeches are an example of how rhetorical situations recur, producing sedimented genres.
The pedagogy of post-structuralism is marked by an attempt to redefine rhetoric as it relates to composition, drawing on post-modern ideology calling for new ideas in a modern world. For example, Victor Vitanza suggests that writing is an entity of its own, existing apart from institutions, social mores, and even writers.
Hess' [14] conflicting perspective on kairos is exemplified by the disagreement between Lloyd Bitzer (1968) [15] and Richard Vatz (1983) [16] about the 'rhetorical situation'. Bitzer argues that 'rhetorical situations' exist independent of human perspective; a situation invites discourse.