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Venlafaxine, sold under the brand name Effexor among others, is an antidepressant medication of the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. [6] [9] It is used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. [9]
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (Effexor), its active metabolite desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and duloxetine (Cymbalta) prevent the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, however their efficacy appears to be only marginally greater than the SSRIs. [218]
Effexor and Effexor XR (venlafaxine) – an antidepressant of the SNRI class Elavil ( amitriptyline ) – a tricyclic antidepressant used as a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain Eurodin , Prosom ( estazolam ) – a benzodiazepine derivative with anxiolytic , anticonvulsant , hypnotic , sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties ...
SSRIs inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production which leads to less activation of microglia and peripheral macrophages. SSRIs not only inhibit the production of these proinflammatory cytokines, they also have been shown to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Taken together, this reduces the overall inflammatory immune response.
Venlafaxine blocks the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, noradrenaline and, to a lesser extent, dopamine in the central nervous system. In contrast with several other antidepressant drugs, venlafaxine can induce a rapid onset of action mainly due to a subsequent norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. [24] See timeline in figure 1.
Lamotrigine, sold under the brand name Lamictal among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy and stabilize mood in bipolar disorder. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] For epilepsy, this includes focal seizures , tonic-clonic seizures , and seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome . [ 8 ]
Scientists have identified various retinal vascular indicators, 29 of which were significantly associated with a person's first-time stroke risk, providing a vascular "fingerprint."
Olanzapine/fluoxetine (trade name Symbyax, created by Eli Lilly and Company) is a fixed-dose combination medication containing olanzapine (Zyprexa), an atypical antipsychotic, and fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).