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In mathematical analysis, an improper integral is an extension of the notion of a definite integral to cases that violate the usual assumptions for that kind of integral. [1] In the context of Riemann integrals (or, equivalently, Darboux integrals), this typically involves unboundedness, either of the set over which the integral is taken or of ...
t. e. In mathematics, the comparison test, sometimes called the direct comparison test to distinguish it from similar related tests (especially the limit comparison test), provides a way of deducing whether an infinite series or an improper integral converges or diverges by comparing the series or integral to one whose convergence properties ...
An analogous statement for convergence of improper integrals is proven using integration by parts. If the integral of a function f is uniformly bounded over all intervals , and g is a non-negative monotonically decreasing function , then the integral of fg is a convergent improper integral.
Cauchy principal value. In mathematics, the Cauchy principal value, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined. In this method, a singularity on an integral interval is avoided by limiting the integral interval to the non singular domain.
The improper integral of the Complete Elliptic Integral of first kind K takes the value of twice the Catalan constant accurately. The antiderivative of that K-integral belongs to the so-called Elliptic Polylogarithms. The Catalan constant can only be obtained via the Arctangent Integral, which results from the application of Fubini's theorem:
Riemann integral. The integral as the area of a region under a curve. A sequence of Riemann sums over a regular partition of an interval. The number on top is the total area of the rectangles, which converges to the integral of the function. The partition does not need to be regular, as shown here.
Abel's uniform convergence test is a criterion for the uniform convergence of a series of functions or an improper integration of functions dependent on parameters. It is related to Abel's test for the convergence of an ordinary series of real numbers, and the proof relies on the same technique of summation by parts. The test is as follows.
Application of Jordan's lemma. The path C is the concatenation of the paths C1 and C2. Jordan's lemma yields a simple way to calculate the integral along the real axis of functions f(z) = ei a z g(z) holomorphic on the upper half-plane and continuous on the closed upper half-plane, except possibly at a finite number of non-real points z1, z2 ...