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In graph theory, an expander graph is a sparse graph that has strong connectivity properties, quantified using vertex, edge or spectral expansion. Expander constructions have spawned research in pure and applied mathematics, with several applications to complexity theory, design of robust computer networks, and the theory of error-correcting codes.
Polynomial expansion. In mathematics, an expansion of a product of sums expresses it as a sum of products by using the fact that multiplication distributes over addition. Expansion of a polynomial expression can be obtained by repeatedly replacing subexpressions that multiply two other subexpressions, at least one of which is an addition, by ...
Ramanujan graph. In the mathematical field of spectral graph theory, a Ramanujan graph is a regular graph whose spectral gap is almost as large as possible (see extremal graph theory). Such graphs are excellent spectral expanders. As Murty's survey paper [1] notes, Ramanujan graphs "fuse diverse branches of pure mathematics, namely, number ...
In coding theory, Zemor's algorithm, designed and developed by Gilles Zemor, [1] is a recursive low-complexity approach to code construction. It is an improvement over the algorithm of Sipser and Spielman. Zemor considered a typical class of Sipser–Spielman construction of expander codes, where the underlying graph is bipartite graph.
Factorization of polynomials. In mathematics and computer algebra, factorization of polynomials or polynomial factorization expresses a polynomial with coefficients in a given field or in the integers as the product of irreducible factors with coefficients in the same domain. Polynomial factorization is one of the fundamental components of ...
The Hermite polynomials (probabilist's or physicist's) form an orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space of functions satisfying in which the inner product is given by the integral including the Gaussian weight function w(x) defined in the preceding section. An orthogonal basis for L2 (R, w (x) dx) is a complete orthogonal system.
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the polynomial (x + y) n into a sum involving terms of the form ax b y c, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative integers with b + c = n, and the coefficient a of each term is a specific positive integer depending ...
Finding one root. The most widely used method for computing a root is Newton's method, which consists of the iterations of the computation of. + = ′ {\displaystyle x_ {n+1}=x_ {n}- {\frac {f (x_ {n})} {f' (x_ {n})}},} by starting from a well-chosen value. If f is a polynomial, the computation is faster when using Horner's method or evaluation ...