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In rocketry, the only reaction mass is the propellant, so the specific impulse is calculated using an alternative method, giving results with units of seconds. Specific impulse is defined as the thrust integrated over time per unit weight-on-Earth of the propellant: [9] =, where
Solid fuel rockets have lower specific impulse, a measure of propellant efficiency, than liquid fuel rockets. As a result, the overall performance of solid upper stages is less than liquid stages even though the solid mass ratios are usually in the .91 to .93 range, as good as or better than most liquid propellant upper stages.
Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp) is a measure of how effectively a rocket uses propellant or jet engine uses fuel. By definition, it is the total impulse (or change in momentum) delivered per unit of propellant consumed [4] and is dimensionally equivalent to the generated thrust divided by the propellant mass flow rate or weight flow rate. [5]
the term in brackets is known as equivalent velocity, = ˙. The specific impulse is the ratio of the thrust produced to the weight flow of the propellants. It is a measure of the fuel efficiency of a rocket engine. In English Engineering units it can be obtained as [7]
As noted the specific impulse of monopropellants is lower [3] [15] than bipropellants and can be found with the Air Force Chemical Equilibrium Specific Impulse Code tool. [16] One newer monopropellant under development is nitrous oxide, both neat and in the form of nitrous oxide fuel blends.
Characteristic velocity or , or C-star is a measure of the combustion performance of a rocket engine independent of nozzle performance, and is used to compare different propellants and propulsion systems. c* should not be confused with c, which is the effective exhaust velocity related to the specific impulse by: =. Specific impulse and ...
The Soviet Union fielded its first solid-fuel ICBM, the RT-2, in the early 1970s, followed by France's development of its S3, also known as SSBS, a medium-range ballistic missile. China started ...
Another part of the MET is the plasma. In some cases, plasma is also referred to as the fourth state of matter. The plasma is the main portion of the MET. It is created inside of the system by heating the propellant and is exhausted to generate thrust. The last part of the MET is the dielectric separation plate.