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Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. [3] An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called a "mujtahid". [2] [5] For first five centuries of Islam, the practice of ijtihad continued in theory and practice among Sunni Muslims. It then first became subject to dispute in the 12th century. [6]
A traditionally-trained female scholar is referred to as ʿālimah or Shaykha. [1] The inclusion of women in university settings has increased the presence of women scholars. [ 2 ] Akram Nadwi authored the largest compilation on female Islamic scholars, titled Al-Wafa bi Asma al-Nisa , spanning over two decades and containing a repository of ...
She also granted numerous ijazahs of ijtihad to female and male scholars, among them Sayyid Mar'ashi Najafi. [3] She wrote several books about Islamic sciences, among them a tafsir in 15 volumes, and established a maktab in Isfahan in 1965, called Maktab-e Fatimah.
Some scholars [256] [257] claim Islamic law, such as verse 4:34 of Quran, allows and encourages domestic violence against women, when a husband suspects nushuz (disobedience, disloyalty, rebellion, ill conduct) in his wife. [258] Other scholars claim wife beating, for nashizah, is not consistent with modern perspectives of Quran. [259]
This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:Scholars of Islam. It includes scholars that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. Not to be confused with category Women scholars of the medieval Islamic world .
The ability of scholars from one region to support their argument in another might therefore be limited by the familiarity with the respective texts of the community they are working in. In an era without book print or mass communication media, a scholar's reputation might have remain limited if he was unfamiliar with the local canon of texts.
The scholarship provided full-board scholarships for women including a year-round ticket, monthly stipend, full tuition coverage, free private tutoring, and even a monthly stipend and yearly ticket for a male family relative to travel with all the women students. [10] Until 2002, different departments regulated education for men and women.
This wave of scholarship was influenced by the growing presence of politically and religiously active women scholars with Muslim and Arab backgrounds. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the utilization of gender studies methodologies within the traditionally conservative realms of Islamic history and law.