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Myelomatous casts are PAS-negative (pale pink, left of image) Urinary casts are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons, then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy.
From early clinical observations it is known that uroerythrin is present in every urine and increased amounts are observed in pathological states, e.g. metabolic disorders with high fever or tissue degradation. [4]
Betanin, a beet pigment causing urine coloring. Beeturia is the passing of red or pink urine after eating beetroots or foods colored with beetroot extract or beetroot betalain pigments. [1] The color is caused by the excretion of the betalain pigments, such as betanin.
Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions. Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, [8] temporary pink or reddish tint caused by beeturia). Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets [8] Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration.
The signs and symptoms of abnormal urine color are shown as follows: Unexplained urine color other than straw-yellow has continued for a long time. [1] Once observe blood in urine. [1] Clear, dark-brown urine. [1] Risk factors of clinical abnormal urine color include elderly age, strenuous exercise, and family history of related diagnosis. [2]
Bladder cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the bladder.These cells can grow to form a tumor, which eventually spreads, damaging the bladder and other organs.Most people with bladder cancer are diagnosed after noticing blood in their urine.
Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
In urine cytology, collected urine is examined microscopically. One limitation, however, is the inability to definitively identify low-grade cancer cells and urine cytology is used mostly to identify high-grade tumors. [4] If the test detects atypical or cancerous cells, further tests may be recommended, such as cystoscopy and a CT scan.