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Flatpak is a utility for software deployment and package management for Linux. It provides a sandbox environment in which users can run application software in (partial) isolation from the rest of the system. [5] [6] Flatpak was known as xdg-app until 2016. [7]
Snap is a software packaging and deployment system developed by Canonical for operating systems that use the Linux kernel and the systemd init system. The packages, called snaps, and the tool for using them, snapd, work across a range of Linux distributions [3] and allow upstream software developers to distribute their applications directly to users.
pkgsrc: A cross-platform package manager, with binary packages provided for Enterprise Linux, macOS and SmartOS by Joyent and other vendors; Portage: A package management system ran by the emerge command, originally created for and used by Gentoo Linux; RPM Package Manager: Created by Red Hat.
An early package manager was SMIT (and its backend installp) from IBM AIX. SMIT was introduced with AIX 3.0 in 1989. [citation needed]Early package managers, from around 1994, had no automatic dependency resolution [3] but could already drastically simplify the process of adding and removing software from a running system.
"foo" is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. Some early Unix shells produced the equally cryptic " foo: no such file or directory " again accurately describing what is wrong but confusing users.
Inherited from the design of Nix, most of the content of the package manager is kept in a directory /gnu/store where only the Guix daemon has write-access. This is achieved via specialised bind mounts, where the Store as a file system is mounted read only, prohibiting interference even from the root user, while the Guix daemon remounts the Store as read/writable in its own private namespace.
The Nix package manager employs a model in which software packages are each installed into unique directories with immutable contents. These directory names correspond to cryptographic hashes that take into account all dependencies of a package, including other packages managed by Nix.
The type command was a shell builtin for Bourne shell that was introduced in AT&T's System V Release 2 (SVR2) in 1984, [3] and continues to be included in many other POSIX-compatible shells such as Bash. However, type is not part of the POSIX standard. With a POSIX shell, similar behavior is retrieved with command -V name