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In Alaskan kelp forest ecosystems, sea otters are the keystone species that mediates this trophic cascade. In Southern California, kelp forests persist without sea otters and the control of herbivorous urchins is instead mediated by a suite of predators including lobsters and large fishes, such as the California sheephead.
This "kelp highway hypothesis" suggested that highly productive kelp forests supported rich and diverse marine food webs in nearshore waters, including many types of fish, shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and seaweeds that were similar from Japan to California, Erlandson and his colleagues also argued that coastal kelp forests reduced wave ...
Pterygophora californica is a large species of kelp, commonly known as stalked kelp. It is the only species in its genus Pterygophora (Ruprecht, 1852). [2] It grows in shallow water on the Pacific coast of North America where it forms part of a biodiverse community in a "kelp forest". It is sometimes also referred to as woody-stemmed kelp ...
Macrocystis is often a major component of temperate kelp forests. Despite its appearance, it is not a plant; it is a heterokont. Giant kelp is common along the coast of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California north to southeast Alaska, and is also found in the southern oceans near South America, South Africa, Australia, and New ...
Kelp forests are some of the most diverse and productive ecosystems and in the UK cover an area similar in size to the country’s woodlands.
Kelp forests occur worldwide throughout temperate and polar coastal oceans. [10] In 2007, kelp forests were also discovered in tropical waters near Ecuador. [11] Physically formed by brown macroalgae, kelp forests provide a unique habitat for marine organisms [12] and are a source for
The species Pelagophycus porra, also known as elk kelp, grows in temperatures of no higher than 60 °F (16 °C). It grows in subtidal forests in the coastal waters off southern California and northwestern Baja California Peninsula , in waters of 20 metres (66 ft) to 90 metres (300 ft) deep, anchored by a holdfast in sedimentary or loose ...
Pugettia gracilis is native to the west coast of North America, its range extending from the Aleutian Islands, off the coast of Alaska, to Monterey Bay in California. Its typical habitat is among the fronds of kelp, or among the stems of eelgrass, both on exposed coasts and in more sheltered locations.