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One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the Silk Road. Those routes were dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa, and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, which barred European access. For decades the ports in the Spanish Netherlands ...
At the same time, they were using the information that Portuguese seamen had ambitiously acquired. [14] The charts of sailing directions expanded as new sailing routes became more prominent, such as what happened when the Canary Islands were initially discovered, followed by the discovery of other Atlantic islands. As was the case with general ...
The silver colored inner disk shows the time and has an indicator on one edge. The nocturnal was used to find the time at night using the north star. The observer would look through the central hole and align the movable arm with certain stars (the "guardas") of the Little Bear. The time could then be read at the outer rim.
A shipyard on the river Guadalquivir in 16th century Seville: detail from a townscape by Alonso Sánchez Coello Despite the general perception that many Spanish galleons were captured by foreign privateers and pirates , relatively few ships were lost to Spain's enemies in the course of the flota's two and a half centuries of operation; more ...
This warden was appointed by the king. The position of warden used to fall to a nobleman who, at times, delegated the exercise of his work to a trusted agent instead of completing it himself. [12] In the early 15th century, the shipyards built their final large fleets of galleys. Fifteen ships were sent to an incursion against England in 1420 ...
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA: / aɪ ˈ b ɪər i ə n / eye-BEER-ee-ən), [a] also known as Iberia, [b] is a peninsula in south-western Europe.Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of Peninsular Spain [c] and Continental Portugal, comprising most of the region, as well as the tiny adjuncts of Andorra, Gibraltar, and, pursuant to the ...
JetBlue will compete with Iberia on the Madrid route, with both using A321neo family jets. JetBlue Airways is redrawing its route network — and there is some good news for Europe-bound flyers.
An Economic History of the Iberian Peninsula, 700–2000. Cambridge University Press. Flynn, Dennis O. "Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile)." Journal of Economic History, 42#1 (1982), pp. 139–47. online; Hamilton, Earl J. American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501-1650. 1934, rpt. edn. New York 1965. Harrison, Joseph.