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, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996 (Google Books) Kennedy, Hugh N. (1998). "Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62– 85. ISBN 978-0-521-47137-4.
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
Lists of rulers of Egypt: List of pharaohs (c. 3100 BC – 30 BC) List of Satraps of the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC) List of Satraps of the 31st Dynasty (343–332 BC) List of governors of Roman Egypt (30 BC – 639 AD) List of rulers of Islamic Egypt (640–1517) List of Rashidun emirs (640–658) List of Umayyad wali (659–750)
1832: Turks defeated in the battle of Konya by Egyptian forces. 1833: At the urging of France, the Convention of Kütahya ended the war between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire and provided that the empire grant the sultan of Egypt all of Syria and Adana.
1974: Beginning of Infitah policy in Egypt, announced by Sadat in an "October paper," representing a move away from Nasser-era socialism, an opening to western capital and a withdrawal from dependency on the USSR; 1974: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation conference held in Lahore. Ahmadis declared kafir (non-Muslim) in Islamic Republic of ...
The Islamization of Egypt occurred after the seventh-century Muslim conquest, in which the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate seized control of Egypt from the Christian dominated Byzantine Empire. Egypt and other conquered territories in the Middle East gradually underwent a large-scale conversion from Christianity to Islam , motivated in part by a ...
The post of Grand Imam of al-Azhar, or shaykh of al-Azhar, has been filled by a member of the ulema, the religious scholars, of Egypt. The position of Grand Imam is among the most prominent roles in Islam and is often considered to be the highest authority in Islamic jurisprudence. The Grand Imam of al-Azhar is the most prominent official ...
The caliphs are also known in Muslim history as the "orthodox" or "patriarchal" caliphs. [5] Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Muslim leaders debated who should succeed him. Unlike later caliphs, Rashidun were often chosen by some form of a small group of high-ranking companions of the Prophet in shūrā (lit.