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The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique. [1] It was invented by the French cryptographer Felix Delastelle . The technique encrypts pairs of letters ( digraphs ), and falls into a category of ciphers known as polygraphic substitution ciphers .
By junior high he was inventing his own ciphers and challenging his father, entomologist Lorin Gillogly, to solve them. [ 1 ] Gillogly wrote a chess-playing program in the Fortran programming language in 1970, and in 1977 he ported the code for " Colossal Cave " from Fortran to C .
This cipher combines fractionation with transposition, and was an early cipher to implement the principles of confusion and diffusion. David Kahn described it as a "system of considerable importance in cryptology." [2] Delastelle's other polygraphic substitution ciphers included the trifid [3] and four-square ciphers. [4]
The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution cipher. The scheme was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone , but bears the name of Lord Playfair for promoting its use.
To solve the puzzle, one must recover the original lettering. Though once used in more serious applications, they are now mainly printed for entertainment in newspapers and magazines. Other types of classical ciphers are sometimes used to create cryptograms. An example is the book cipher, where a book or article is used to encrypt a message.
Comparing this table with a lower one, it is evident that it is not the modern straddling checkerboard, and letters encoded with one digit are not the most frequent letters of Latin (T is much more frequent than O [2]), but the idea exploited in the latter ciphers is present.
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Picking any two ciphers, if the key used is the same for both, the second cipher could possibly undo the first cipher, partly or entirely. This is true of ciphers where the decryption process is exactly the same as the encryption process (a reciprocal cipher) —the second cipher would completely undo the first.