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Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.[2]When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Although hyponatremia is a fairly common condition, many patients have only mildly decreased blood sodium. Dr. Jeff Hersh explains the cause of hyponatremia, and how it should be treated Skip to ...
the physiologic response to a decrease in kidney perfusion is an increase in sodium reabsorption to control hyponatremia, often caused by volume depletion or decrease in effective circulating volume (e.g. low output heart failure). above 2% [citation needed] or 3% [2] acute tubular necrosis or other kidney damage (postrenal disease)
Tobacco smoking is an often overlooked factor linked to hyponatremia, due to the ADH-releasing effect of nicotine, although this is usually limited to heavy smokers. [21] One study suggested that around 70% of patients with self-induced polydipsia were tobacco smokers. [22]
Hyponatremia is a below-normal concentration of the electrolyte sodium in the blood. The authors note that Lee did not appear to have consumed enough water that day (six to eight liters) to ...
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality during acute attacks, occurring in 40% of patients and presenting as SIADH. [13] Hypomagnesemia is also common. There are no pathognomonic signs or symptoms. [citation needed] The most common identified triggers for acute attacks are medications, weight loss diets, and surgery. [14]
These electrolytes must be replaced to keep the electrolyte concentrations of the body fluids constant. Hyponatremia, or low sodium, is the most commonly seen type of electrolyte imbalance. [12] [13] Treatment of electrolyte imbalance depends on the specific electrolyte involved and whether the levels are too high or too low. [3]