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The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, [1] "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. [2]
Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator.
List of unsolved problems in statistics; Probability. Topic outline of probability; List of probability topics. Catalog of articles in probability theory;
The term p-hacking (in reference to p-values) was coined in a 2014 paper by the three researchers behind the blog Data Colada, which has been focusing on uncovering such problems in social sciences research. [3] [4] [5] Data dredging is an example of disregarding the multiple comparisons problem. One form is when subgroups are compared without ...
It is closely related to non-identifiability in statistics and econometrics, which occurs when a statistical model has more than one set of parameters that generate the same distribution of observations, meaning that multiple parameterizations are observationally equivalent.
But even so, a system can have many common modes of failure. For example, consider the common modes of failure of a RAID1 where two disks are purchased from an online store and installed in a computer: The disks are likely to be from the same manufacturer and of the same model, therefore they share the same design flaws.
For example, a spectrometer fitted with a diffraction grating may be checked by using it to measure the wavelength of the D-lines of the sodium electromagnetic spectrum which are at 600 nm and 589.6 nm. The measurements may be used to determine the number of lines per millimetre of the diffraction grating, which can then be used to measure the ...
This method provides a partial solution to many of the problems inherent in the test-retest reliability method. For example, since the two forms of the test are different, carryover effect is less of a problem. Reactivity effects are also partially controlled; although taking the first test may change responses to the second test.