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Khazar communities persisted here and there. Many Khazar mercenaries served in the armies of the Islamic Caliphates and other states. Documents from medieval Constantinople attest to a Khazar community mingled with the Jews of the suburb of Pera. [156] Khazar merchants were active in both Constantinople and Alexandria in the 12th century. [157]
The Khazar king Joseph gave the following account of the genealogy of the Bulanids.. Since [the time of the conversion to Judaism], when my fathers entered into this religion, the God of Israel has humbled all of their enemies, subjecting every folk and tongue round about them, whether Christian, Muslim, or pagan.
The 2002 discovery of a coin hoard in Sweden further complicates the issue, as some of the coins bear dates from the early 9th century and the legends "Ard al-Khazar" (Land of the Khazars) and "Moses is the Prophet of God". Since the coins date from 837 AD or 838 AD, some scholars think the conversion occurred in 838 AD.
Following the defeat of the Khazars in the Second Arab-Khazar War, Atil became the capital of Khazaria. Ibn Khordadbeh, writing in ca. 870, names Khamlij as the capital of the Khazars. [3] This is presumably a rendition of Turkic khaganbaligh "city of the khan" and refers to the city later (in the 10th century) named as Atil in Arab historiography.
As a result of their united stand against the successive waves of invaders from the south, the Alans of the Caucasus fell under the overlordship of the Khazar Khaganate. They remained staunch allies of the Khazars in the 9th century, supporting them against a Byzantine-led coalition during the reign of the Khazar king Benjamin.
The Khazar slave trade took place in the Khazar Khaganate in Central Asia (in modern Kazakhstan). The Khazar Khaganate was a buffer state between Europe and the Muslim world and played a major part in the trade between Europe and the Middle East between the 8th and 10th centuries, and slaves were one of the main goods.
Khazaran was a city in the Khazar kingdom, located on the eastern bank of the lower Volga River.It was connected to Atil by a pontoon bridge.. Khazaran was later inhabited primarily by Muslims and featured numerous mosques, minarets, and madrasas.