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Khazar communities persisted here and there. Many Khazar mercenaries served in the armies of the Islamic Caliphates and other states. Documents from medieval Constantinople attest to a Khazar community mingled with the Jews of the suburb of Pera. [156] Khazar merchants were active in both Constantinople and Alexandria in the 12th century. [157]
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Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars, Volume 1. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1549-0. Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Atil, also Itil, was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate from the mid-8th century to the late 10th century. It is known historically to have been situated along the Silk Road, on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, in the Volga Delta region of modern Southern Russia.
Map of the Khazar Khaganate in 650. Semikarakorsk Fortress (Russian: Семикаракорская крепость) was an early medieval Khazar fortification situated near the city of Semikarakorsk (Rostov Oblast, Russia).
Khazaran was a city in the Khazar kingdom, located on the eastern bank of the lower Volga River.It was connected to Atil by a pontoon bridge.. Khazaran was later inhabited primarily by Muslims and featured numerous mosques, minarets, and madrasas.
In 552, the Khazars invaded the northeastern Caucasus and occupied the northern lowlands of Dagestan. To protect his possessions from the new wave of nomads, the Sassanid shah Khosrau I ( r. 531–579 ) began the construction of defensive fortifications in Derbent , thus closing a narrow passage between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus ...
Brook believes that in the 8th and 9th centuries the city was an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress called Sambat (Old Turkic for "high place") was built to defend the area. [15] However it was founded, the city's location made it a node on important ancient trade routes.