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The German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) position paper on vegan diets in 2023 noted that "to ensure an adequate supply of vitamin B12, but also of calcium, iron, iodine, zinc, as well as high-quality protein and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA), an in-depth study of the subject of nutrition, time investment ...
The elderly are at increased risk because they tend to produce less stomach acid as they age, a condition known as achlorhydria, thereby increasing their probability of B 12 deficiency due to reduced absorption. [2] Nitrous oxide overdose or overuse converts the active monovalent form of vitamin B12 to the inactive bivalent form. [38]
The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods, although additional sources of vitamin B12 are needed for those following a vegan diet. [4] Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy.
A variety of vegetarian, and more specifically vegan, foods. Vegetarian nutrition is the set of health-related challenges and advantages of vegetarian diets.. Appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful and nutritionally adequate for all stages of the human life cycle, including during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. [1]
Treatment should take into account the cause and severity of the condition. [6] Treatment is done by vitamin B 12 supplementation, either by mouth or by injection. [3] Initially in high daily doses, followed by less frequent lower doses, as the condition improves. [3] If a reversible cause is found, that cause should be corrected if possible. [11]
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B12 is 0.9-2.4 μg/day, while the estimated average requirement in the U.S. and Canada is 0.7-2 μg/day. Elderly individuals with plasma vitamin B12 levels below 148 pmol/L are considered severely deficient, and those with levels between 148 and 221 pmol/L are marginally deficient.
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B 12 used to treat and prevent vitamin B 12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity. [7] [8] [2] The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer.
The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B 12 and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. [medical citation needed] In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B 12, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies. [8] [unreliable medical source?