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Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the IL6 gene. [5] In addition, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of many blood vessels also produce IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine that regulates cell growth and differentiation and plays an important role in immune response. Dysregulated production of IL6 and this receptor are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as multiple myeloma , autoimmune diseases and prostate cancer .
Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes propagate intercellular Ca 2+ waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters) in a Ca 2+-dependent manner. [6] Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca 2+-dependent release of glutamate. [7]
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain. [1] While IL-1β is released by monocytes and macrophages, it is also present in nociceptive DRG neurons. IL-6 plays a role in neuronal reaction to an injury. TNF-α is a well known proinflammatory cytokine present in neurons and the glia.
Interleukin 6 (IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions. [20] It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells, as well as inducing myeloma/plasmacytoma growth, nerve cell ...
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SGCs are present in the PNS in fewer numbers than other more well-known types of glial cells, like astrocytes, but have been determined to affect nociception because of some of their physiological and pharmacological properties. [21] In fact, just like astrocytes, SGCs have the ability to sense and regulate neighboring neuronal activity. [30]
Toll-like receptors [6] Conventional dendritic cell (cDC) (previously called myeloid dendritic cell (mDC)) Most similar to monocytes. mDC are made up of at least two subsets: cDC-1, which is a major stimulator of cytotoxic T cells; cDC-2, which stimulates helper T cells; Interleukin 12 (IL-12), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), TNF, chemokines TLR 2, TLR 4