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Closed-head injuries are caused primarily by vehicular accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports injuries. [4] Falls account for 35.2% of brain injuries in the United States, with rates highest for children ages 0–4 years and adults ages 75 years and older. [3] Head injuries are more common in men than women across every age group. [3]
Concussion, a type of mild traumatic brain injury that is caused by a direct or indirect hit to the head, body, or face is a common injury associated with sports and can affect people of all ages. A concussion is defined as a "complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by biomechanical forces". [ 1 ]
Mechanism-related classification divides TBI into closed and penetrating head injury. [10] A closed (also called nonpenetrating, or blunt) [14] injury occurs when the brain is not exposed. [15] A penetrating, or open, head injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and breaches the dura mater, the outermost membrane surrounding the brain. [15]
Countries by fatal workplace accidents per 100,000 workers [2]; Rank Country Total Men Women Year 1 India 116.8 2007 2 Pakistan 44.2 2002 3 Cuba 25 2010 4 Dominican Republic
A closed (non-missile) head injury is where the dura mater remains intact. The skull can be fractured, but not necessarily. A penetrating head injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and breaches the dura mater. Brain injuries may be diffuse, occurring over a wide area, or
Closed head injury (coup contrecoup) can damage more than the impact sites on the brain, as axon bundles may be torn or twisted, blood vessels may rupture, and elevated intracranial pressure can distort the walls of the ventricles. [7] [10] [11] Diffuse axonal injury is a key pathology in concussive brain injury. [5] The visual system may be ...
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [8] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, sleep disturbances, mood changes, a brief period of memory loss, brief loss of consciousness; problems with balance; nausea; blurred vision; and mood changes.
Childhood acquired brain injury; Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium; Chronic traumatic encephalopathy; Closed-head injury; Cognitive rehabilitation therapy; Complications of traumatic brain injury; Concussion; Concussion grading systems; Coup contrecoup injury